It was reported through a research article titled, "periventricular closure of muscular ventricular septal defects in infants with echocardiographic guidance only" that between january 2006 and may 2010, eight infants with nine large muscular (apical) vsds underwent periventricular device closure in a nonhybrid operating room, with transesophageal and epicardial echocardiography guidance.Nine amplatzer muscular vsd devices with a mean size of 10 (4-14) mm were deployed.One patient with holt-oram syndrome was reported to have a significant residual shunt post procedure.The patient remained with residual shunt and pulmonary hypertension and could not be weaned from mechanical ventilatory support and was finally re-operated eight days later.The device was removed and a large, single vsd was successfully implanted.The post-operative course was reported to be uneventful.
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