It was reported through a research article titled, "periventricular closure of muscular ventricular septal defects in infants with echocardiographic guidance only" that between january 2006 and may 2010, eight infants with nine large muscular (apical) vsds underwent periventricular device closure in a nonhybrid operating room, with transesophageal and epicardial echocardiography guidance.Nine amplatzer muscular vsd devices with a mean size of 10 (4-14) mm were deployed.There was a periprocedural complication with one patient with a single apical ventricular septal defect (vsd).During the periventricular procedure, deployment of the left part of the device resulted in the puncture of the posterior wall of the left ventricle.Cardiac pulmonary bypass (cpb) was instituted with a single atrial cannula and stable perfusion was quickly established.Hemostatic repair of the left ventricle was accomplished with a single epicardial stitch, and device closure of the vsd was thereafter successfully completed with cpb support without cardioplegic arrest.
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