The article, "ventricular septal defect following mitral valve replacement", was reviewed.The article presented a case study of a 73-year-old female patient with long-standing moderate mitral regurgitation.It was reported that on an unknown date, a 29mm epic valve was chosen for mitral valve replacement procedure following a failed mitral valve repair with a 32mm edwards physio ii annuloplasty ring.Intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography (tee) showed a well-functioning valve without any complications and was discharged uneventfully.It was noted a pre-discharge limited transthoracic echocardiography (tte) was unremarkable with no ventricular septa defect (vsd) noted.During a routine post-procedure follow up, the patient was noted to have a loud holosystolic murmur but was asymptomatic.A tte showed a new restrictive basal vsd with a left-to-right shunt along with a well-functioning mitral prosthesis and normal cardiac function.Cardiac magnetic resonance (cmr) imaging confirmed the s basal inferoseptal vsd that was hemodynamically insignificant.There was no infarction or fibrosis near the vsd.A cardiac computed tomography (ct) scan showed a very long membranous septum (ms) with a small vsd.Non-surgical conservative management was recommended given the small size of the vsd and the symptomatic status.The article concluded that this case highlights that small vsds may be missed on tee/tte if not specifically looked for.In this case, the vsd was located inferiorly in the membranous septum, and this area is often not well seen on tte.Sonographers should specifically interrogate the ventricular septum, along with inferior angulation from the apical 4-chamber view, in all patients after mitral valve surgery (mvs).[the primary author was jose arriola-montenegro, department of medicine, university of minnesota medical school, minneapolis, minnesota, usa.The corresponding author was prabhjot s.Nijjar, cardiovascular division, department of medicine, university of minnesota medical school, minneapolis, minnesota, usa, with corresponding email: nijja003@umn.Edu].
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