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Updated fields: b4, g3, g6, h2, h3, h6.The device has been returned to the manufacturer and investigation is ongoing.Furthermore, manufacturer is retrieving and reviewing the manufacturing documents.A follow up report will be provided upon completion of investigation on the device and/or review of manufacturing records.
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Examination of the valve revealed a deformed prosthesis due to intrinsic and vegetating calcifications in all leaflets.There was pannus overgrowth on the inflow skirt of the valve.The stent and the skirt were covered by fibrous pannus that on the inflow side protruded 2-4mm into the lumen, narrowing the annulus, and contributes to stenosis.The tops of all posts were covered by fibrous pannus that grew on the free edges of leaflets also so contributes to stenosis.The pericardium of leaflet c was thicker than normal due to calcification.Calcified thrombus depositions were visible on almost all inflow surfaces.The free edge of leaflet b was outflow bent near both posts due to fibrous pannus and so caused a low degree of insufficiency.Leaflets a and c were almost stiff because of intrinsic and vegetating calcifications.Intrinsic and vegetating calcifications were also visible on leaflet b.Scars and/or mesothelial delaminations were visible where intrinsic calcifications became extrinsic.A surgical stitch was detected inside the crown components.On leaflet a, yellowish areas due to calcifications were detected.On leaflet c, yellowish areas due to calcifications were detected.On the belly there was a hole.X-rays of the subject valve showed large intrinsic calcifications in all leaflets.Histological analyses were performed on samples taken from leaflets b and c.In leaflets b and c, alizarin red s stain showed that the pericardium was slightly thicker than normal because of large intrinsic calcifications (red arrows).In leaflets b and c, hematoxylin and eosin stain showed that the collagen bundles were disrupted, defibrated and homogenated.Fibrous pannus depositions were visible on the mesothelial surface of leaflet a and on both surfaces of leaflet c.Pericardial delaminations were detected on leaflets b and c.Bacteria were not detected with the gram stain.This perceval s valve was explanted after 2 years and 8 months due to structural valve deterioration.Leaflets calcification, detected with visual, x-ray and histological analyses, caused stiffening and led to progressive valve stenosis.Pannus tissue overgrowth into the inflow lumen also contributed to valve stenosis.Aortic insufficiency likely resulted from inadequate leaflet coaptation caused by calcification of the leaflets.There was no evidence of endocarditis in the returned valve.As reported in the scientific literature, structural dysfunction is the major cause of failure of bioprosthetic heart valves and the principal underlying pathologic process is cuspal calcification.Calcification can also cause stenosis due to cuspal stiffening.Calcific deposits are usually localized to cuspal tissue (intrinsic calcification).It is possible that the patient¿s clinical conditions and risk factors may have contributed to the structural valve deterioration observed in this perceval s valve but this cannot ultimately be confirmed due to limited information available.It should be noted that structural valve deterioration is listed as a potential adverse event in the perceval s.The event is, therefore, a known inherent risk of the device.
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