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A shockwave c2+ coronary intravascular lithotripsy (ivl) 2.5 x 12 mm catheter was used to treat a 95% stenosed mid left anterior descending (lad) lesion with a 90-degree turn at the location of the calcific lesion.The physician attempted to cross the lesion with the ivl catheter; however, the catheter would not cross.A 2.5 mm non-complaint (nc) sapphire balloon was used to pre-dilate the lesion, and the ivl catheter was subsequently reinserted.During the second cycle of ivl treatment in the lad, a perforation occurred.The ivl catheter was removed, and fluoroscopy and angiography revealed a perforation at the site of the bifurcation lesion between the lad and diag 1, where eccentric plaque was present.An urgent drug-eluting stent (des) was delivered to treat the perforation.No post-dilation was performed following ivl treatment, as the patient was unstable and initial angiography following ivl identified the perforation.A bedside echocardiogram identified a pericardial effusion, and pericardiocentesis was performed with approximately 200 ml removed from the pericardial sac.Protamine was administered, and internal tamponade was performed with a coronary balloon.Fluoroscopy subsequently indicated the perforation appeared sealed.An impella device and permanent pacemaker were also placed.Continuous echocardiographic monitoring was performed before and after pericardiocentesis.Despite intervention, the patient's condition deteriorated, requiring emergent intubation.Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (cpr) and advanced cardiovascular life support (acls ) were initiated; however, the patient never regained a pulse, and time of death was declared in the catheterization laboratory.According to the physician, this was a high-risk pci involving a 90% stenosed bifurcation lesion between the lad and diag 1, and the patient's comorbidities increased the overall procedural risk.The physician stated that plaque rupture may have occurred during use of either the nc balloon or the ivl balloon.Because both devices were used before the perforation was identified, the physician was unable to determine device causation.Final angiography reportedly demonstrated no active perforation.
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The device referenced in this report was not returned to shockwave medical, inc.Therefore, a physical examination cannot be performed.The cause of the perforation, pericardial effusion, cardiac arrest, and subsequent death could not be definitively determined based on the information available.Shockwave medical has controls in place to ensure devices are built to approved procedures and meet lot release acceptance criteria prior to being distributed.A review of the manufacturing and test documentation for subject lot does not reveal any issues with the manufacturing of the device.The device passed all of shockwave medical, inc.Acceptance criteria prior to shipping.
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